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J. Michael Spector
Abstract
This is a conceptual paper pertaining to the design and development of interactive, simulation-based learning environments for complex domains. The underlying modeling theory is derived from a variety of topics (systems dynamics, cognitive apprenticeship model of instruction, a socio-cultural perspective on learning). Instructional design approaches considered include: elaboration theory, informed by the notion of graduated complexity, and a ”fourth generation” instructional systems development model. System dynamics based learning environments are often called management flight simulators. A review of learning environments for complex domains reveals that inadequate attention is given to the set-up phase for learning and to the resolution phase of learning. The discussion focuses on design principles and tools which are consistent with a theoretical framework appropriate for the development of learning environments for complex domains. Particular attention is given to the need for learner access to the underlying models and learner-learner collaboration in a socially-situated, cognitive apprenticeship learning environment. Data collected on learning environments developed using these principles and tools suggest positive learning outcomes. The availability of design and development tools provides additional motivation to explore the potential for highly interactive, collaborative learning environments for complex domains.
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